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Finance 401 Advanced Corporate Finance 

Hi!  Welcome to Advanced Corporate Finance!

The text book is Brealey, Myers, and Allen Principles in Corporate Finance.  The newest edition.  I think it is the 8th.  I apologize up front for the price, but I can make it a bit better by telling you that we will also be using it for 402 and I highly recommend that you keep it for either other classes or for the real world as a reference.  It is VERY good.

Course Overview
This class is aimed at an audience that has already a basic financial background.  The class focuses on Corporate Finance but it is impossible to just look at corproate finance so there will be some (although limited) use of material from other classes. 

I definitely recommend that you review your 301 notes and ideally look over your stats as well. 

(btw For past students who are looking for notes on my website, this class is comparable to Fin305 at Penn State and somewhat comparable to Fin365 at JMU. )

Syllabus
 
  Finance 401 Fall 2006 Syllabus

Text
The text, Principles of Corporate Finance by Brealy, Myers, and Allen has a very useful site .

Outline and Notes

  1. Introduction--weeks 1&2
    Why Study Finance? Human Nature (REMM) Organizational Structure
    Financial system overview Firm as a Nexus of Contracts Monitoring and Corporate Governance
    Corporate Finance Stakeholders and conflicts of interest
    For additional  POWERPOINT NOTES CLICK HERE
Some interesting articles from the blog that have relevance in this area:
Michael Vick and Nike
Family firms and transparency

Readings from Book: Chapters 1, 34,




  1. Time Value of Money-Week 3 & 4
    1. Present Value
      Future Value
Stock and Bond Valuation
      Excel spreadsheet with examples (and duration)
      Convexity spreadsheet
      Credit risk
             Bond pricing Questions-Submitted
                      Bond Pricing Spreadsheet-to be used to answer questions


      Review of Ratios
              
      DCF vs Comparables--theory vs. practice--why the difference?

  1.  Discounted Cash Flows
                     Accounting or Finance
                     How to Find Cash Flow
                     Projecting Cash flows--the spreadsheet will be modified but here it is to start
    Differences
      Proforma Statements-Pro Forma Assignment
               Additional Funds Needed (AFN )
Keeping in mind that the RHS of the Balance sheet must always equal the LHS, we can make a simpliefied analysis of how much we will need to raise to support a certain sales level.
This is done by assuming the ratios will remain the same.  For example, the assets to sales ratio will stay the same.  Thus when we have a forecasted change in slaes we can determine what sales, liabilities, and equity will change by.
AFN= Additional funds needed

AFN = Required Increase in Assets
            - Spontaneous increase in liabilities
            -Increased in Retained Earnings

Increase in assets=(Assets/Sales)*change in Sales
Spontaneous Increase in liabilities =  (Liabilities/Sales)*Change in sales

Increase in retained earnings = (Net Margin*Sales)(1- payout ratio)


      What LT financing is available? (Chpt 14)
      http://www.financeprofessor.com/mba610/chapt14.htm
      Chapter 25: the Many Kinds of Debt
      Chapter 24: Valuing Debt
      (we will cover this in the capital structure secotion, but if you want to look ahead, feel free ;)

4. Capital Budgeting
  • NPV is #1!!!!!! Theory
  • Various methods

Risk revisted: What is correct measure? Stand-alone, project, company, or market?   
  1. Risk and returns
  • What are returns?  capital gains plus dividends
  • Geometric returns
  • Average Returns
  • Historical Returns
Notes from Campbell Harvey:, and from the St. Louis Fed
Investors' actual returns appear to be lower
Review of Portfolio Math and Valuation

A visual look at correlation coefficients

The Matrix ;)

Notes on CAPM

APT and other alternatives


Pricing Models
CAPM, Other Pricing models
CAPM sample problems (and answers)
APTMeasuring risk

6. Market Efficiency
Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH )
A list of Anomalies from Investorhome.com
Why do these anomalies exist?  If we knew they wouldn't be anomalies.

Papers on Market Efficiency
Virtually every finance paper has some discussion of market efficiency but some of the more inportant paperws devited soley to the topic include Ray Ball's Theory of Stock Market Efficiency: accomplishments and limitations.  It is published as part of Chew's The New Corporate Finance.  Additionally Fama, 1991,  has an excellent summary article on market efficiency.   Both of these are summarized on my summaries page.

Possibly less academic in nature but more convincing in reality is the fact that so few people or mutual funds either in the US, or abroad,  actually beat the market on a risk adjusted basis.
Some other links that should help you with market efficiency
Investopedia.com has some notes
Martin Swell has complied some notes on efficeint markets that are quite good!  (there I tried to be British) ;-)
Dean Lebaron has a very good look at the EMH--largely from his book which I HIGHLY recommend!

Some interesting articles from the blog and elsewhere that are relevant to this section
Irrationality and Ebay auctions
Behavioral Finance
      Insider Trading

How the SEC Defines Insider Trading
      Most studies show that insiders do beat the market, so it is not surprising that people watch insider trades. However, more tend to be sells than buys.  Why? 
MoneyCentral has a tool that allows investors to see if insiders have been buying or selling. and of course there is the SEC's Edgar.

To list all academic research on insier trading is beyond the scope of this class, but Bainbridge's look at Insider trading has a great Bibliography and literature review!  Additionally there is insider trading and then there  is insider trading.  A look at Yermack's paper

A discussion of the good and bad of insider trading

From the blog: articles on insider trading.

Efficient, not omniscient
Although many in finance now believe that markets are efficient, it is not unanimous.   One group of these people are technical analysts.  These people believe they can predict price movements based on historical prices (a clear violation of weak form efficiency).   Although the vast majority of academic papers finds no benefit to technical analysis, it has long been difficult to explain why there are technical analysts around (how can we say the market is inefficient in keeping technical analysts while say it is efficient in other things).  Several recent academic papers have at least suggested that technical analysis might not be worthless.  While others have followed with some excellent research, the main person here to remember is Lo.  He has had two very good articles on technical analysis.  To see the background try this from the Review of Financial Studies.   He also has a JF paper with Mamaysky, Wang (JF)--  that concludes that technical analysis may not be as bad as we previously thought.

Here are some interesting links on technical analysis
The Equity Research Center has a nice page decribing the differences between technical and fundamental analysis
Marketscreen.com has a good review of what techincal analysis is and even provides some examples
Dean LeBaron should teach: He is interesting, looks at both sides, and usually gets it right! Here is his take on technical analysis.

Another big challenge to market efficiency (and the implied assumption of investor rationality) is behavorial finance.  It is one of the hottest fields in finace now and there is mounting evidence suggests that investors sometime act irrationally.  This may or may not be a problem.  Remember that certain investors can act irrationally so long as the marginal investor (the one who sets the price) does not.  However, as the evidence grows, many (including myself) are acknowledging that behavioral finance does play a role in how finance works.  (That said, many of the behavioral finance stories can be refuted or at least questioned.--see Fama 98?) .
          
From the FinananceProfessor.com blog
       Brav, Heaton, and Rosenberg--both sides have merits
       Charoenrook-Sentiment may matter
       Fehle, Tsyplakov, and Zdorovtsov--On stock returns to Super Bowl Advertisers

more links on Behavorial finance
  1. Behavourialfinace.net
  2. Marketpsychology Blog is excellent source of examples of how rationality is not always present.
  3. Stanford provides a nice intro and even some examples
  4. A working paper by Barberis-Thaler
  5. Yale's Behavorial Finance Workshop (like a blog)
  6. The top behavorial finance downloads from FEN
  7. Wikipedia actually is good on behavorial finance.

TEST
      In many ways we now will make a change and head back into pure corporate finance
  1. Capital Structure
    1. Capital Structure notes (Technically from mba 610, but they are the same as I would use for this class,so why rewrite them :)
      http://www.financeprofessor.com/mba610/Finance_Professor_Capital_Structure_notes.html
        (for some reason I can not make links work today)
      Capital Structure and Security Issuance -these are from a previous version of this class.  Good, but not as up to date.
      WACC -computation and problems
      If not WACC, then what?
      Security Issuance
      http://www.financeprofessor.com/mba610/securityissuance.html
      Pecking order--dead or alive?http://www.financeprofessor.com/mba610/Minilesson_on_Pecking_order.html
      MM and does capital structure matter
    2.  Economic Value Added--Stern Stewart's EVA
      Notes from the bankruptcy presentation by Chris Kinslow to finance club 10/22/04
      http://www.financeprofessor.com/Fin401/notes/bankruptcy-from%20Colleen.htm
      the formatting needs some work, but the presntation is good!


  1. Dividend Policy
  2. Investment banking and Financial Restructuring
  3. The Market for Corporate Control
  4. Derivatives
  5. Executive compensation- and Governance:
Corporate Governance has been on the front page of all major papers and has attracted much attention in academic world as well.  It boils down to conflicts within the Nexus.  Generally this focuses on manager and shareholder conflicts. 

Here are a few notes on the topic from past newsletters, a speech by Alan Greenspan on the topic, an  independent study paper by Joe Haller (former SBU MBA student) and a class project on the topic from Andy Bubbs (current SBU student).

Does governance matter? Definitely, but it is often difficult to measure how much it matters. For instance looking at studies that show separate CEO-Chair positions are often driven by multiple factors and the choice is somewhat endogenous. 

However there is much evidence suggests that governance matters.  Looking at cross listing literature, Nofsinger and Weaver (2003) report that that one reason firms cross list (especially to the US) is to increased investor protections--Caveat, htis is not universally held. Additionally, there is much other international evidence (where the difference between strong and weak governance is more pronounced than in the US) that shows that governance does matter.  For example  Black, Jang, and Kim report that shareholder wealth is strongly positively related to strong governance.  Similarly Black finds the same evidence in looking at Russian Firms.   And a whole bunch of people do the same for Chinese firms.

Practically, governance issues often come down to disagreements about Executive pay, shareholder voting, poison pills and other areas of entrenchment..

Main topic: Executive compensation

The SEC's information on executive compensatation , Executive Compensation Resources, the AFL-CIO's site- while biased, is a good resource 

Muslu , Xie, and Neilsen  in separate articles find that the level (lower), form of pay (more or less incentive based), and transparency is affected by the board makeup.  

Transparency and Governance

General rule: transparency is good

12. Intro to International corporate finance: 1/2 class

13. Recap  and look ahead
(here are some old review notes)





Need Practice?-sorry others have copyrighted questions on them

Test 2 from Fall 1999
Test 1 from Spring 1999 at JMU